Does Friction cause Friction Blisters?

TriboNet

July, 25 2017
friction running blisters shoes Credit for image: https://captaincreps.com/

What is friction?

There is more than one definition of friction. And this has confused our understanding of how it is involved in friction blister formation.

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary has two definitions of friction:

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  1. the act of rubbing one thing against another
  2. the force that resists relative motion between two bodies in contact

To understand how friction causes blisters, the second definition is needed. And in this article, we’re going to get even a bit more specific than that. The involvement of friction in friction blisters is easier to understand when you talk about static and dynamic friction.

Friction can be thought of as the degree of slip or grip.
Friction blisters are common while climbing.

Static Friction vs Dynamic Friction

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Static friction is friction that occurs between two bodies in contact with one another while they are at rest. It’s friction which prevents an object from moving while it is still.

Dynamic friction is friction that opposes the movement of a body which is already in motion. It’s friction that slows or stops an object from moving. (Reference)

How does friction cause blisters?

Static friction causes blisters because it results in more shear than dynamic friction. Imagining the foot as a wobbly box helps to explain:

The wobbly box and the effect of friction

Look at this wobbly box. The movement force at the top (red arrow) is from the bones as they move back and forth. And the force of friction is what keeps the bottom of the box stationary at the bottom – in a state of static friction. Everything in between the top and the bottom is made to stretch and distort. This is shear. And blisters are an injury of shear.

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To stop blisters, we can either do something at the top of the wobbly box – that is, reduce bone movement. Or we can do something at the bottom of the wobbly box – reduce friction – to make it more slippery. [This is what lubricants, powders, antiperspirants, tapes, ENGO patches, moisture-wicking socks and double-socks do].

Static friction causes blisters.

A state of static friction is exactly what we see with the wobbly box. There’s a movement force at the top but no movement at the bottom. Lots of shear occurs in the middle.

Now, if that wobbly box was to move at the bottom (because the movement force at the top exceeded the friction force at the bottom) that’s what you’d call a state of dynamic friction. Makes sense – static means still, dynamic means motion.

Here’s something you probably already know without realising. Have you ever tried to push a heavy box along the floor and found that a big effort is required to get it moving … but once you get it going, it’s easier to keep it moving? That’s because the force you need for the box to break free of static friction is HIGHER than that required to keep it in a state of dynamic friction.

Have a look at the table below. No matter what the combination of materials, the static COF is always higher than the dynamic (aka kinetic) COF (except Teflon on Teflon which is the same).

C:\Users\BorrasSubiranaF\Google Drive\tribonet\OtherPosts\The Friction in Friction Blisters\table friction coeff static dynamic.png

These values are approximate (Reference).

Let’s apply this to Friction Blisters

This has special significance when describing the cause and prevention of blisters. Because when static friction is high and prolonged, there is going to be more shear. The wobbly box is going to have to stretch and distort further. If we’re talking about foot blisters, that means within the skin layers.

Below is a representation of how shear develops (A). See how it increases to a maximum to what we call the shear peak. Shear builds and builds while there is a state of static friction. Now, see the dynamic section – as soon as there is movement, shear immediately reduces! So blisters form when there is a prolonged state of static friction – the longer two surfaces stay stuck together, the higher that shear is going to peak. And blisters are prevented when a state of dynamic friction occurs earlier (B) – because that gives us an earlier and hence lower shear peak.

(A) Prolonged state of static fiction

(A) PROLONGED STATE OF STATIC FICTION

(B) An earlier onset of dynamic friction causes a lower shear peak

(B) AN EARLIER ONSET OF DYNAMIC FRICTION CAUSES A LOWER SHEAR PEAK

You must be thinking …

“Wait a minute, I thought rubbing causes blisters? You’re telling me that if I let rubbing go on in my shoes I can stop blisters?”

This rubbing misconception is widespread and understandable. Because it centres on the first definition of friction, mentioned at the start of this article (that friction is the act of rubbing one thing against another). Rubbing doesn’t cause blisters

Rubbing doesn’t cause friction blisters

In fact promoting rubbing is the premise of most blister prevention strategies

It’s not dynamic friction (rubbing) that causes highest shear. It’s static friction (before the rub) that causes it to peak highest and more likely to reach blister-causing levels. However, that’s not to say rubbing is not damaging to the skin. It all depends on the level of friction. Let me explain:

  • If the COF between the skin and sock is high when there is a state of dynamic friction, that relative motion is going to be abrasive to the skin. Skin cells will be rubbed off from the top. If that keeps going, you’ll end up with a red raw sore called an abrasion (chafing on other areas of the body). Or if you already have a blister there, that abrasive motion will easily tear and dislodge your fragile blister roof and you’ll be left with a red raw sore on your foot. But the dynamic part of the process has not been responsible for forming the blister. It was already there because of the shear that resulted from static friction.
  • If you had this same amount of movement between the skin and sock but this time the COF is low, that’s not going to be as abrasive to the skin. You are less likely to suffer abrasion of the blister roof.

This is key to your understanding!

This differentiation between static and dynamic friction, as well as high and low COF is important as the effect each has is different. Below is a summary of skin-sock permutations and the resultant effect to skin:

  • State of static friction + high COF = blister-causing
  • State of dynamic friction + high COF = abrasion (chafing) injury
  • State of dynamic friction + low COF = blister prevention
  • State of static friction + low COF = no skin injury threat

The above pertains to the skin-sock interface. It’s similar at the shoe-sock interface in that:

  • A low COF provides early relative motion between the shoe and sock to minimise shear ie: blister prevention
  • The difference is there is no risk of abrasion. Because in this case, the state of dynamic friction is between the skin and sock. The sock remains stuck to the skin thus protecting it.

Image result for hans friction blisters
Friction blisters on hands.

Take home messages

  1. Friction, as it pertains to friction blisters, is easier to understand when considering it as static and dynamic.
  2. A prolonged state of static friction leads to blisters.
  3. A low coefficient of friction allowing an earlier onset of dynamic friction is the premise on which blister prevention is centered.

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Rebecca Rushton

Rebecca is an Australian podiatrist with over 20 years’ experience. She has spent a lifetime dealing with her own blister prone feet in her sporting and everyday life. Rebecca specializes in helping athletes and sports medicine professionals figure out how to manage foot blisters with ease. And for kicks, she enjoys providing blister care at multiday ultramarathon events. Rebecca is the founder of Blister Prevention and author of “The Blister Prone Athlete’s Guide To Preventing Foot Blisters”.

Source: Blister Prevention

Administration of the project